PERCHLOROETHYLENE (PCE)
Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name
tetrachloroethene
and many other names, is a
chlorocarbon with the formula Cl
2C=CCl
2.
It is a colourless liquid widely used for
dry
cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning
fluid." It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration
of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about 1
megatonne in
1985.
[1]
Production ( Sản Phẩm)
Michael Faraday first synthesized tetrachloroethene
in 1821 by thermal decomposition of
hexachloroethane.
C2Cl6 → C2Cl4
+ Cl2
Most tetrachloroethene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of
light hydrocarbons. The method is related to Faraday's discovery since
hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.
[1]
Side products include
carbon tetrachloride,
hydrogen
chloride, and
hexachlorobutadiene.
Several other methods have been developed. When
1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with
chlorine,
tetrachloroethene is produced by the
chemical
reaction:
ClCH
2CH
2Cl +
3 Cl
2 → Cl
2C=CCl
2 + 4
HCl
This reaction can be
catalyzed by a mixture of
potassium chloride and
aluminium chloride or by activated
carbon.
Trichloroethylene
is a major byproduct, which is separated by
distillation.
According to an EPA report of 1976, the quantity of Tetrachloroethylene
(also known as perchloroethylene or PCE) produced in the United States
in just one year 1973, totaled 706 million pounds (320,000 metric tons).
Daimond Shamrock, Dow Chemical Compnay, E.I DuPont and Vulcan Materials Company
(Chemical Division) were among the top eight producers nationwide.
[2]
Uses ( Ứng Dụng)
Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent
solvent for
organic
materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and
nonflammable.
For these reasons, it is widely used in
dry
cleaning. Usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons, it is also used to
degrease metal parts in the
automotive and other metalworking industries. It appears
in a few consumer products including
paint
strippers and spot removers.
Historical applications
Tetrachloroethene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the
manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment for hookworm
infestation.[3]
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene
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